Assessment of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Drinking Water Quality in Elgeneina City – West Darfur State - Sudan
Keywords:
Physicochemical, Elgeneina City, Bacteriological, Water Quality, Sudan
Abstract
Water is vital and fundamental for life surviving, where water is the source of all biological lives and their nutrition. Water quality is an evaluation of physicochemical, bacteriological and aesthetic characteristics of water following national and international standard methods. The present study aimed to assess seasonal variations of the physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality parameters at Disa aquifer, Elgeneina city - Sudan. The assessment focuses on bacteriological (total coliform [TC], and physicochemical parameters such as temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity (NTU), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH) and major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cl−, NO3−, SO4 2− and PO43-). The findings of the study showed that all the physicochemical characteristics were found within the recommended limits of national and international standards of drinking water. In addition, the findings revealed that some measured TC values 300/ 100 and 100/100 mL in rainy season for wells No.1 and No. 5, respectively, which exceeded the maximum limit of 0.0/ 100 mL of the national and international standards of drinking water. The present study recommends mobilization of treatment and awareness creation with respect to an onset levels to protect human public health from further possible consequences of using the water.
References
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Waters - Doughty, H. (1924). Mohr’s method for the determination of silver and halogens in other then neutral solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46: 2707–2709.
WHO (1993). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality-I, Recommendations. 2nd ed. Geneva. pp. 1-4.
WHO (1999). Guidelines for drinking Water Quality. (5): 10 – 15.
WHO (2009). Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water: Public health significance, Geneva, Cotruvo J, Bartram J, Eds.
WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Genève: WHO. Press, 4th ed.
WHO. (2004). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organization.
WHO. (2019). National systems to support drinking water: Sanitation and hygiene: Global status report: UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking water GLAAS 2019 report. World Health Organization.
Aminur Rahman, M. D.; Monirul Islam, M.D. and Firoz Ahmed, A. D. (2015). Physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of drinking tube-well water from some primary school, Magura, Bangladesh to evaluate suitability for students. Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, 4(5): 735 – 749.
APHA – AWWA, (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19thEd. American Publication Health Association, Washington, pp. 136.
APHA (1995). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Washington: American Public Health Association.
Arora, D.R. and Arora, B. (2008). Bacteriology of water, milk and air. Textbook of microbiology (3rd edition). CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi India.13: 738-739.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, (AOAC) (1984). Water and salt official method of Analysis. 14th edition Virgina, USA.
Delpla, I.; Jung, A. V.; Baures, E.; Clement, M. and Thomas, O. (2009). Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production. Environmental International, 35: 1225–1233.
DWA (Department of Water Affairs) (2006). A Drinking Water Quality Framework for South Africa. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa. pp. 104
Eberhard, R. (2019). Access to water and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa. Review Sector Report, Investments, Key Findings to Infrastructure Future Support to Sector Development. GIZ.
EPA, (2014). Drinking Water Parameters Microbiological, Chemical and Indicator Parameters in the 2014 Drinking Water Regulations 2014. An overview of parameters and their importance. Wexford Ireland.
Fadina, J. K. Setondji; Kpatinde Talagbe Alime; Yullin Tang (2018). Occurrence of Clean Water Problems in Africa. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8 (4): 50 – 55.
Gorchev, H. G., & Ozolins, G. (1984). WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chronicle, 38(3), 104 – 108.
Gulumbe, B. H.; Aliyu, B. and Manga, S. S. (2016). Bacteriological and Physicochemical Analyses of Aliero Dam Water. International Journal of Inno-vative Studies in Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJISSET). 2 (4): 30 – 43.
Humphreys (1983). Water resources assessment program in the Sudan (WAPS2)
Kamal, D.; Khan A.N.; Rahman, M.A. and Ahamed, F. (2007): Study on the Physicochemical properties of water of Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(5): 710-717.
Lerner, D. N. and Harris, B. (2009). The relationship between land use and groundwater resources and quality. Land Use Policy, 26, S265–S273. https://doi.org/10. 1016/ j. landusepol. .09.005.
Monica, C. (2000). District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part, 2, 348–361.
Nebojša, P.; Aleksandra, M. D.; Danijela, B. M.; Jelenadj, B. P., and Aleksandar, Ž. K. (2017). Evaluation of the quality of drinking water in Rasina District, Serbia: physicochemical and bacteriological viewpoint. Romanian Journal of Physics (62), pp.818.
Nkamare, M.B.; Ofili A. N. and Adeleke, A. J. (2012). Physico-chemical and microbiological assessment of borehole water in Okutukutu, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3 (5):2549-2552.
Oluyemi,A. (2013). Determination of water quality of selected public wells in Ekiti State, South-Western Nigeria. Scientific Journal of Environmental Sciences, 228(1295):1–10. www.Sjournals.com.
Park, J.; Duan, L.; Kim, B.; Mitchell, M. J. and Shibata, H. (2010). Potential effects of climate change and variability on watershed biogeochemical processes and water quality in Northeast Asia. Environmental International, 36: 212–225.
Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, J., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Cumming, O., Freeman, M. C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P. R., Medlicott, K., & Johnston, R. (2019). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 222(5):765–777.
Roopavathi, C.; Mamatha, S. S. and N. S. Raju (2016). Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of different sources of H.D. Kote town, Mysore district. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 6 (7): 45-51.
Rout, C. and Sharma, A. (2011). Assessment of drinking water quality: A case study of Ambala cantonment area, Haryana, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (2): 933 – 945.
Sebiawu, G. E., Fosu, S. A., & Saana, S. B. B. M. (2014). A physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of borehole water samples from the Wa municipality of the upper west region, Ghana. International Journal of Engineering Research, 3(5). http://www.rasayanjournal.com.
Shigut ,D. A., Liknew, G., Irge, D. D. and Ahmad, T. (2017). Assessment of physico-chemical quality of borehole and spring water sources supplied to Robe Town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 7(1): 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13201-016-0502-4
Son, A.G. (2003). Standard organization of Nigeria safe drinking water regulation. Taiwo, A.A.; Ijaola, T.O.; Jiboku, O.; Oluwadare, I. and Osunkiyesi, A. (2012). Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Well Water in Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun –State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSRJAC), 2(6): 29 – 35.
Taiwo, A.A.; Ijaola, T.O.; Jiboku, O.; Oluwadare, I. and Osunkiyesi, A. (2012). Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Well Water in Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun –State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSRJAC), 2(6): 29 – 35.
Trivedi, P.R. and Raj, G. (1997). Water pollution encyclopedia of environmental sciences Akashdeep publishing house. India, 25: 139-162.
UNESCO, Paris.Barbaras, S. (1986). Monitoring natural waters for drinking water quality. World Health Organization Statistics Quarterly, 39: pp.32.
Vadde, K., Wang, J., Cao, L., Yuan, T., McCarthy, A., & Sekar, R. (2018). Assessment of water quality and identification of pollution risk locations in Tiaoxi River (Taihu watershed), China. Water, 10(2), pp.183.
Waters - Doughty, H. (1924). Mohr’s method for the determination of silver and halogens in other then neutral solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 46: 2707–2709.
WHO (1993). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality-I, Recommendations. 2nd ed. Geneva. pp. 1-4.
WHO (1999). Guidelines for drinking Water Quality. (5): 10 – 15.
WHO (2009). Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water: Public health significance, Geneva, Cotruvo J, Bartram J, Eds.
WHO (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Genève: WHO. Press, 4th ed.
WHO. (2004). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organization.
WHO. (2019). National systems to support drinking water: Sanitation and hygiene: Global status report: UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking water GLAAS 2019 report. World Health Organization.
Published
2022-12-28
Section
Articles
