Antioxidant Vitamins Are Correlated with Different Aspects of Phagocytic Processes in Healthy Nigerians: Benefits As Supplements During Antimicrobial Treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52981/sjms.v15i3.1530Keywords:
Antioxidants, Intracellular microbial killing, VitaminsAbstract
Background: Antioxidant vitamins are important for the immune system to function efficiently through several mechanisms. However, according to several previous studies, individual step of leucocyte phagocytosis is not correlated with different antioxidant vitamins.
Methods: This study included 50 healthy Nigerians whosecellular phagocytic mechanism such as percentage leucocyte migration (%LM) and intracellular killing (%Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test) were determined by microscopy, neutrophil chemokines [plasma interleukin 8 (IL-8)] was determined using ELISA,and respiratory burst indices [plasma catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide (NO)] were determined by spectrophotometry. While the plasma antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, C, and E) were
determined using HPLC, the phagocytic indices, chemokines, and respiratory burst indices were correlated with plasma antioxidant vitamins using Spearman’s Correlation analysis at ?0.05.
Results: The results show that although among the healthy Nigerian adults, vitamin C was significantly and positively correlated with %NBT,it was negatively correlated with CAT activity. Vitamin A showed a significantly positive correlation with SOD while Vitamin E showed a significantly negative correlation with MPO.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that antioxidant vitamins affect different stages of phagocytosis. It is advisable to use a combination of antioxidant vitamins as supplements with recommended treatment strategies against intracellular microorganisms or inflammatory diseases.
References
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[33] Fisher, B.J., Kraskauskas, D., Martin, E.J., et al. (2012). Mechanisms of attenuation of abdominal sepsis induced acute lung injury by ascorbic acid. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 303, pp. L20–L32.
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[36] Bergsten, P., Amitai, G., Kehrl, J., et al. (1990). Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear leukocytes. Depletion and reaccumulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 265, pp. 2584–2587.
[37] Corpe, C.P., Lee, J.H., Kwon, O., et al. (2005). 6-Bromo-6-deoxy-l-ascorbic acid: An ascorbate analog specific for Na+-dependent vitamin C transporter but not glucose transporter pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, pp. 5211–5220.
[38] Buettner, G.R. (1993). The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 300, pp. 535–543.
[39] Bozonet, S. M. and Carr, A. C. (2019). The role of physiological vitamin concentrations on key functions of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals. Nutrients, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 1363.
[40] Nusgens, B.V., Humbert, P., Rougier, A., et al. (2001). Topically applied vitamin C enhances the mRNA level of collagens I and III, their processing enzymes and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in the human dermis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology,vol. 116, pp. 853–859.
[41] Wu, D. and Meydani, S. N. (2004). Age-associated changes in immune function: impact of vitamin E intervention and the underlying mechanisms. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, vol. 14, pp. 283–289.
[42] Lee, G. andHan, S. (2018). The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients, vol.10, p. 614
[43] Meydani, S. N., Han, S. N., and Wu, D. (2005). Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immunological Reviews,vol. 205, pp. 269–284.
[44] Akinyoola, S. B., Edem, V. F., Arinola, O. G., et al.(2012). Vitamin E or red palm oil increases the level of nitric oxide in Wister rats chronically exposed to dichlorvos. Tropical Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 19, p. 8e11.
[2] Aderem, A. andUnderhill, D. M. (1999).Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 17, pp. 593–623.
[3] Winterbourn, C.C., Kettle, A.J., and Hampton, M.B. (2016). Reactive oxygen species and neutrophil function. Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 85, pp. 765–792.
[4] Del Rio, M., Ruedas, G., Medina, S., et al. (1998).Improvement by several antioxidants of macrophage function in vitro. Life Sciences, vol. 63, pp. 871–881.
[5] Hoglen, N. C., Abril, E. A., Sauer, J. M., et al. (1997). Modulation of Kupffer cell and peripheral blood monocyte activity by in vivo treatment of rats with all-trans- retinol.Liver, vol. 17, pp. 157–165.
[6] de la Fuente, M., Ferrandez, M. D., Burgos, M. S., et al. (1998). Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 76, pp. 373–380.
[7] Sureda, A., Ferrer, M. D., Mestre, A., et al.(2013). Prevention of neutrophil protein oxidation with vitaminsC and E diet supplementation without affecting the adaptive response to exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 31–39.
[8] Alvarado, C., Alvarez, P., Puerto, M., et al.(2006). Dietary supplementation withantioxidants improves functions and decreases oxidative stress of leukocytes from prematurely aging mice. Nutrition, vol. 22, no. 7–8, pp. 767–777.
[9] Wintergerst, E. S., Maggini, S., and Hornig, D. H.(2006). Immune-enhancing role of vitaminC and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 85–94.
[10] Shrestha, S., Kim, S.Y., Yun, Y.J., et al.(2017). Retinoic acid induces hypersegmen- tation and enhances cytotoxicity of neutrophils against cancer cells. Immunology Letters, vol. 182, pp. 24–29.
[11] Vellozo, N.S., Pereiramarques, S.T., Cabralpiccin, M.P., et al. (2017). All-trans retinoic acid promotes an m1- to m2-phenotype shift and inhibits macrophage-mediated immunity to leishmania major. Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 8, p. 1560.
[12] Kiss, I., Rühl, R., Szegezdi, E., et al. (2008). Retinoid receptor-activating ligands are produced within the mouse thymus during postnatal development. European Journal of Immunology, vol. 38, pp. 147–155.
[13] Wu, D., Han, S. N., Meydani, M., et al.(2006). Effect of concomitant consumption of fish oil and vitaminE on T cell-mediated function in the elderly: a randomized double-blind trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 300–306.
[14] De la Fuente, M.,Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., et al.(2008). Vitamin E ingestionimproves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free RadicalResearch, vol. 42, pp. 272–280.
[15] Arinola, O. G. and Salimonu, L. S. (1999). Leukocytes migration inhibitory factor assay in Nigerians with urinary schistosomiasis. West African Journal of Medicine, vol. 18, p. 101e5
[16] Arinola, O.G., Yaqub, S., and Rahamon, S.K. (2012). Reduced serum IgE level in Nigerian children with Nigerian children with helminthiasis compared with protozoan infection: Implication on hygiene hypothesis. Annal of Biological Research, vol.3, no. 12, pp. 5754–5757.
[17] Edem, V. F., Ige, O. M., and Arinola, O. G. (2016). Plasma vitamins and essential trace elements in multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients before and during chemotherapy. Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 441–445.
[18] Rytter, M.J., Kolte, L., Briend, A., et al. (2014). The immune system in children with malnutrition—A systematic review. PLoS ONE, vol.9, e105017.
[19] Tan, P.H., Sagoo, P., Chan, C., et al. (2005). Inhibition of NF-kappa B and oxidative pathways in human dendritic cells by antioxidative vitamins generates regulatory T cells. Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, pp. 7633–7644.
[20] Lammermann, T. (2016). In the eye of the neutrophil swarm-navigation signals that bring neutrophils together in inflamed and infected tissues. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 100, pp. 55–63.
[21] Twining, S. S., Schulte, D. P., Wilson, P. M., et al. (1997). Vitamin A deficiency alters rat neutrophil function. Journal of Nutrition, vol. 127, pp. 558–565.
[22] Blass, S.C., Goost, H., Tolba, R.H., et al. (2012). Time to wound closure in trauma patients with disorders in wound healing is shortened by supplements containing antioxidant micronutrients and glutamine: A PRCT. Clinical Nutrition, vol. 31, pp. 469– 475.
[23] Martin, P. and Leibovich, S.J. (2005). Inflammatory cells during wound repair: The good, the bad and the ugly. Trends in Cell Biology, vol. 15, pp. 599–607.
[24] Amitromach, E., Uni, Z., Cheled, S., et al. (2009). Bacterial population and innateimmunity-related genes in rat gastrointestinal tract are altered by vitamin A-deficient diet. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, vol. 20, pp. 70–77.
[25] Prasanthi, K. and Rajini, P. S. (2005). Morphological and biochemical perturbations in rat erythrocytes following in vitro exposure to Fenvalerate and its metabolite. Tox- icology in Vitro, vol.19, pp. 449–456.
[26] Ruas, C. B., Carvalho Cdos, S., de Araújo, H. S., et al. (2008). Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure in the blood of cichlid species from a metal-contaminated river. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.71, pp. 86–93.
[27] Hemilä, H.(2017).Vitamin C and infections. Nutrients, vol. 9, p. 339.doi:10.3390/nu9040339.
[28] Hemilä, H. and Louhiala, P. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating
pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Retrieved from: https: //www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005532.pub3/full
[29] Hemilä, H. and Chalker, E. (2013).Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Retrieved from: https://www. cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4/full
[30] Bakaev, V.V. and Duntau, A.P. (2004). Ascorbic acid in blood serum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, vol. 8, pp. 263–266.
[31] Bharara, A., Grossman, C., Grinnan, D., et al. (2016). Intravenous vitamin C administered as adjunctive therapy for recurrent acute respiratory distress syndrome. Case Reports in Critical Care, 8560871.
[32] Fowler, A.A., Kim, C., Lepler, L., et al. (2017). Intravenous vitamin C as adjunctive therapy for enterovirus/rhinovirus induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. World Journal of Critical Care Medicine, vol. 6, pp. 85–90.
[33] Fisher, B.J., Kraskauskas, D., Martin, E.J., et al. (2012). Mechanisms of attenuation of abdominal sepsis induced acute lung injury by ascorbic acid. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 303, pp. L20–L32.
[34] Wilgus, T.A., Roy, S., and McDaniel, J.C. (2013). Neutrophils and wound repair: Positive actions and negative reactions. Advances in Wound Care, vol. 2, pp. 379–388.
[35] Carr, A. and Frei, B. (1999). Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB Journal, vol. 13, pp. 1007–1024.
[36] Bergsten, P., Amitai, G., Kehrl, J., et al. (1990). Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear leukocytes. Depletion and reaccumulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 265, pp. 2584–2587.
[37] Corpe, C.P., Lee, J.H., Kwon, O., et al. (2005). 6-Bromo-6-deoxy-l-ascorbic acid: An ascorbate analog specific for Na+-dependent vitamin C transporter but not glucose transporter pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, pp. 5211–5220.
[38] Buettner, G.R. (1993). The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 300, pp. 535–543.
[39] Bozonet, S. M. and Carr, A. C. (2019). The role of physiological vitamin concentrations on key functions of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals. Nutrients, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 1363.
[40] Nusgens, B.V., Humbert, P., Rougier, A., et al. (2001). Topically applied vitamin C enhances the mRNA level of collagens I and III, their processing enzymes and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in the human dermis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology,vol. 116, pp. 853–859.
[41] Wu, D. and Meydani, S. N. (2004). Age-associated changes in immune function: impact of vitamin E intervention and the underlying mechanisms. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, vol. 14, pp. 283–289.
[42] Lee, G. andHan, S. (2018). The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients, vol.10, p. 614
[43] Meydani, S. N., Han, S. N., and Wu, D. (2005). Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immunological Reviews,vol. 205, pp. 269–284.
[44] Akinyoola, S. B., Edem, V. F., Arinola, O. G., et al.(2012). Vitamin E or red palm oil increases the level of nitric oxide in Wister rats chronically exposed to dichlorvos. Tropical Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 19, p. 8e11.
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2021-09-02
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