The Accessory Nerve
الملخص
The radical neck dissection (RND) in the management of head and neck cancers may be done in the
expense of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) 1. De-innervations of the muscles supplied by SAN
and integrated in the movements of the shoulder joint, often result in shoulder dysfunction. Usually
the result is shoulder syndrome which subsequently affects the quality of life1. The modified
radical neck dissections (MRND) and selective neck dissection (SND) intend to minimize the
dysfunction of the shoulder by preserving the SAN, especially in supra-hyoid neck dissection
(Level I-III±IV) and lateral neck dissection (level II-IV)2, 3. This article aims to focus on the SAN
to increase the awareness during MRND and SND.
المراجع
1. Van Wilgern CP, Disjkstra PU, Van DerLaaan BF, et al. Shoulder and neck morbidity inquality of life after surgery for head and neckcancer. Head Neck. 2004; 26: 839-44.
2. Mathew L, Hinsley MD, Hartig GH. Anatomicrelationship between the spinal accessory nerveand the internal jugular vein in the upper neck.Otolaryngology – Head and neck surgery. 2010;143:239-41.
3. Rafferty MA, Goldstain DR, Brown DH et al.The steromastoid branch of the occipital artery:Surgical landmark for the spinal accessory nervein elective neck dissections. Otolaryngology –Head and neck surgery. 2005; 133:874-76.
4. Ali QM. Neurological Anatomy 1st Ed. India.Macmillan India Limited 1993; P: 88, 226-28.
5. Carlson BM. Human Embryology andDevelopment Biology. Mosby Publishers. 1998;P: 234, 221, 232, 213.
6. Sinnatamby C. Last’s Anatomy Regional andApplied 10th Ed. Churchill Livingstone 1999; P:388, 494-95,497-98.
7. Snell RS. Clinical Neuroanatomy for MedicalStudents 5th Ed. NY. Lippincott Williams &Wilinks. 1995; P: 198, 199, 332, 354, 355, 362.
8. Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students6th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilinks. 2000; P:778-80, 801, 790, 652.
9. Carpenter M, Sutin J. Human Neuroanatomy 8thEd. Williams & Wilkins. 1989; P: 47, 341-42.
10. Prives M, Lysenkov N, Bushkovich V. HumanAnatomy- The Science of the Nervous System 3rdEd Volume II. Moscow. MIR Publisher. (1989)P: 181, 200, 306-7, 786, 277-80.
11. Berry MM, Standring SM, Bannister LH.Nervous System: In Gray’s Anatomy 38th Ed.Willison PL (editor). Churchill Livingstone.(1995) P: 1253.
12. Henary B. Anatomy of the Spinal AccessoryNerve Plexus: Relevance to Head and NeckCancer and Atherosclerosis. ExperimentalBiology and Medicine. (2002) 227(8):570-578.
13. DeMyer W. (1988). Neuroanatomy – TheNational Medical Series For Independent Study.U.S.A. Wiley Medical Publication. (2002). P:139-41, 150-51.
14. Roman GJ. Cunningham’s Manual of PracticalAnatomy 15th Ed. Oxford University Press.(1980). P: 22-5, 42, 50.
15. Rubinstein D, Burton BS, Walker AL. Theanatomy of the inferior petrosal sinus,glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, andaccessory nerve in the jugular foramen. AmericanJournal of Neuroradiology. 1995; 16(1):185 94.
16. Prades JM, Timoshenko A, Dumollard JM et al.High duplication of the internal jugular vein:Clinical incidence in the adults and surgicalconsequence, a report of three clinical cases.Journal of Surgery Radiological Anatomy. 2002;24(2):129-32.
17. Gardiner KJ, Irvine BW, Murry A. Anomalousrelationship of the spinal accessory nerve to theinternal jugular vein. Journal of ClinicalAnatomy. 2002; 15(1): 62-3.
18. Zierner AC, Zelenk I, Burian M. How do thecervical plexus and the spinal accessory nervecontributed to the innervations of the trapeziusmuscle? As seen from using Sihler’s stain. ArchOtolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 2001;127(10):1230-2.
19. Bonder G, Harpf C, Gardetto A et al.Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve: normaland pathologic findings in cadavers and patentswith iatrogenic accessory nerve palsy. JUltrasound Med. 2002; 21 (10):1159-63.
20. Silvestri E, Martinoli C, Derchi LE et al. Echotexture of peripheral nerves: Correlation betweenUS and histologic findings and criteria todifferentiate tendons. Radiology. 1995;197:291-296.
2. Mathew L, Hinsley MD, Hartig GH. Anatomicrelationship between the spinal accessory nerveand the internal jugular vein in the upper neck.Otolaryngology – Head and neck surgery. 2010;143:239-41.
3. Rafferty MA, Goldstain DR, Brown DH et al.The steromastoid branch of the occipital artery:Surgical landmark for the spinal accessory nervein elective neck dissections. Otolaryngology –Head and neck surgery. 2005; 133:874-76.
4. Ali QM. Neurological Anatomy 1st Ed. India.Macmillan India Limited 1993; P: 88, 226-28.
5. Carlson BM. Human Embryology andDevelopment Biology. Mosby Publishers. 1998;P: 234, 221, 232, 213.
6. Sinnatamby C. Last’s Anatomy Regional andApplied 10th Ed. Churchill Livingstone 1999; P:388, 494-95,497-98.
7. Snell RS. Clinical Neuroanatomy for MedicalStudents 5th Ed. NY. Lippincott Williams &Wilinks. 1995; P: 198, 199, 332, 354, 355, 362.
8. Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students6th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilinks. 2000; P:778-80, 801, 790, 652.
9. Carpenter M, Sutin J. Human Neuroanatomy 8thEd. Williams & Wilkins. 1989; P: 47, 341-42.
10. Prives M, Lysenkov N, Bushkovich V. HumanAnatomy- The Science of the Nervous System 3rdEd Volume II. Moscow. MIR Publisher. (1989)P: 181, 200, 306-7, 786, 277-80.
11. Berry MM, Standring SM, Bannister LH.Nervous System: In Gray’s Anatomy 38th Ed.Willison PL (editor). Churchill Livingstone.(1995) P: 1253.
12. Henary B. Anatomy of the Spinal AccessoryNerve Plexus: Relevance to Head and NeckCancer and Atherosclerosis. ExperimentalBiology and Medicine. (2002) 227(8):570-578.
13. DeMyer W. (1988). Neuroanatomy – TheNational Medical Series For Independent Study.U.S.A. Wiley Medical Publication. (2002). P:139-41, 150-51.
14. Roman GJ. Cunningham’s Manual of PracticalAnatomy 15th Ed. Oxford University Press.(1980). P: 22-5, 42, 50.
15. Rubinstein D, Burton BS, Walker AL. Theanatomy of the inferior petrosal sinus,glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, andaccessory nerve in the jugular foramen. AmericanJournal of Neuroradiology. 1995; 16(1):185 94.
16. Prades JM, Timoshenko A, Dumollard JM et al.High duplication of the internal jugular vein:Clinical incidence in the adults and surgicalconsequence, a report of three clinical cases.Journal of Surgery Radiological Anatomy. 2002;24(2):129-32.
17. Gardiner KJ, Irvine BW, Murry A. Anomalousrelationship of the spinal accessory nerve to theinternal jugular vein. Journal of ClinicalAnatomy. 2002; 15(1): 62-3.
18. Zierner AC, Zelenk I, Burian M. How do thecervical plexus and the spinal accessory nervecontributed to the innervations of the trapeziusmuscle? As seen from using Sihler’s stain. ArchOtolaryngology Head Neck Surgery. 2001;127(10):1230-2.
19. Bonder G, Harpf C, Gardetto A et al.Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve: normaland pathologic findings in cadavers and patentswith iatrogenic accessory nerve palsy. JUltrasound Med. 2002; 21 (10):1159-63.
20. Silvestri E, Martinoli C, Derchi LE et al. Echotexture of peripheral nerves: Correlation betweenUS and histologic findings and criteria todifferentiate tendons. Radiology. 1995;197:291-296.
منشور
2021-08-19
القسم
Original Articles
