Using WRF-Chem for Simulating and Evaluating the Dust Three Emission Schemes during Severe Dust Storm 27 to 30 March 2018 over Sudan
الملخص
The severe dust storm that invaded Sudan in late March was simulated using WRF-Chem model. The study objectives were to evaluate the model performance over Sudan for the three dust emission schemes the GOCART, AFWA, and UoC. Secondly, using the better scheme to discuss some meteorological aspects of dust emission and transport, such as changes in the quantities of winds, temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Thirdly, demonstrating the meteorological mechanism by which dust moves farther distances. WRF-Chem was set for default and ran from 00:00 UTC 27 March to 18:00 UTC 30 March 2018 using NCEP final model data. Generally, all schemes of the model reproduced dust emission very well compared to MODIS and MERRA-2 satellite. The GOCART scheme has chosen to be the better scheme. In addition to emission part, the GOCART scheme (dust option = 1) simulated the meteorological variables very well compared to NCEP/NCAR and ERA5. WRF-Chem performed well and can be used for dust forecast over the Sahara regions, including Sudan.
المراجع
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Artaxo, Paulo et al. 2013. “Atmospheric Aerosols in Amazonia and Land Use Change: From Natural Biogenic to Biomass Burning Conditions.” Faraday Discussions 165(October 2013): 203–35.
Bosilovich, Michael G., Rob Lucchesi, and M. Suarez. 2016. “MERRA-2: File Specification.” Earth 9(9): 73. http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/office_notes.
Chang, Howard H., Xuefei Hu, and Yang Liu. 2014. “Calibrating MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth for Predicting Daily PM 2.5 Concentrations via Statistical Downscaling.” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 24(4): 398–404.
Cowie, S. M., P. Knippertz, and J. H. Marsham. 2014. “A Climatology of Dust Emission Events from Northern Africa Using Long-Term Surface Observations.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(16): 8579–97.
Csavina, Janae et al. 2014. “Effect of Wind Speed and Relative Humidity on Atmospheric Dust Concentrations in Semi-Arid Climates.” Science of the Total Environment 487(1): 82–90.
Die, Hu, Zhang Lei, and Wang Hongbin. 2014. “Aerosol Optical Depth Investigated with Satellite Remote Sensing Observations in China.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 17(1).
Eghbali, Arezu, Seyed Majid MirRokni, and Mohammad Hossein Memarian. 2016. “Dust Storm Simulation Using Wrf−Chem. (Case Study: West Asia).” Ijrras 28(1): 1–12. www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol28Issue1/IJRRAS_28_1_01.pdf.
Eghbali, Arezu, Seyed Majid Mirrokni, and Mohammad Hossein Memarian. 2016. “DUST STORM SIMULATION USING WRF − CHEM . ( CASE STUDY : WEST ASIA ).” 28(July): 1–12.
Eltahan, Muhammed, Mohammed Shokr, and Atef O. Sherif. 2018. “Simulation of Severe Dust Events over Egypt Using Tuned Dust Schemes in Weather Research Forecast (WRF-Chem).” Atmosphere 9(7).
Feng, Yan et al. 2016. “Humidity Bias and Effect on Simulated Aerosol Optical Properties during the Ganges Valley Experiment.” Current Science 111(1): 93–100.
Fountoukis, Christos et al. 2016. “Impact of Atmospheric Dust Emission Schemes on Dust Production and Concentration over the Arabian Peninsula.” Modeling
Earth Systems and Environment 2(3): 1–6.
Gemma Shepherd, Utchang Kang Enric Terradellas, Alexander Baklanov, Slobodan Nickovic William A. Sprigg, and Ali Al-Dousari Ali Darvishi Boloorani. 2016. Unep Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms. http://library.wmo.int/opac/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=19638#.WCll6IVOIaE.
Ginoux, P., J. M. Prospero, O. Torres, and M. Chin. 2004. “Long-Term Simulation of Global Dust Distribution with the GOCART Model: Correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation.” Environmental Modelling and Software 19(2): 113–28.
Ginoux, Paul et al. 2001. “Sources and Distributions of Dust Aerosols Simulated with the GOCART Model.” (January 2014).
Govardhan, Gaurav et al. 2015. “Performance of WRF-Chem over Indian Region: Comparison with Measurements.” Journal of Earth System Science 124(4): 875–96.
Grell, Georg A, Steven E Peckham, Rainer Schmitz, and Stuart A Mckeen. 2005. “Fully Coupled ‘ Online ’ Chemistry in the WRF Model Fully Coupled ‘“ Online ”’ Chemistry within the WRF Model.” (December).
Gustafson, William I., and Shaocai Yu. 2012. “Generalized Approach for Using Unbiased Symmetric Metrics with Negative Values: Normalized Mean Bias Factor and Normalized Mean Absolute Error Factor.” Atmospheric Science Letters 13(4): 262–67.
He, Lijie et al. 2019. “Assessment of MERRA-2 Surface PM2.5 over the Yangtze River Basin: Ground-Based Verification, Spatiotemporal Distribution and Meteorological Dependence.” Remote Sensing 11(4).
Hereher, Mohamed E. 2011. “The Sahara: A Desert of Change.” Sand Dunes: Ecology, Geology and Conservation (October): 101–14.
Hersbach, Hans et al. 2020. “The ERA5 Global Reanalysis.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 146(730): 1999–2049.
Holton, James R. et al. 2019. “Variability and Trends in Dust Storm Frequency on Decadal Timescales: Climatic Drivers and Human Impacts.” Atmosphere 11(3): 1–6. http://sds-was.aemet.es/news/unep-global-environmental-alert-service-releases-forecasting-and-early-warning-of-dust-storms.
Holton, James R., and Gregory J. Hakim. 2012. 9780123848 An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology: Fifth Edition An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology: Fifth Edition.
Illari, Lodovica, and John Marshall. 2010. “12.307 Project 2 Fronts.” (March): 1–10. http://paoc.mit.edu/12307/front/project2.pdf.
Kang, Hanqing et al. 2019. “Potential Impacts of Cold Frontal Passage on Air Quality over the Yangtze River Delta, China.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19(6): 3673–85.
Karagulian, Federico et al. 2019. “Analysis of a Severe Dust Storm and Its Impact on Air Quality Conditions Using WRF-Chem Modeling, Satellite Imagery, and Ground Observations.” Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 12(4): 453–70.
Khaniabadi, Yusef Omidi et al. 2017. “Impact of Middle Eastern Dust Storms on Human Health.” Atmospheric Pollution Research 8(4): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.11.005.
Knippertz, Peter. 2014. “Meteorological Aspects of Dust Storms.” Mineral Dust: A Key Player in the Earth System: 121–47.
———. 2015. “Meteorological Aspects of Dust Storms Meteorological Aspects of Dust Storms.” (September 2014).
Knippertz, Peter, and Andreas H. Fink. 2006. “Synoptic and Dynamic Aspects of an Extreme Springtime Saharan Dust Outbreak.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 132(617): 1153–77.
LeGrand, Sandra L. et al. 2019. “The AFWA Dust Emission Scheme for the GOCART Aerosol Model in WRF-Chem v3.8.1.” Geoscientific Model Development 12(1): 131–66.
Li, Xiaodong et al. 2017. “Characteristics of Particulate Pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) and Their Spacescale-Dependent Relationships with Meteorological Elements in China.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9(12): 1–14.
Lindstrom, Scott. 2018. “Aerosol Optical Depth Quick Guide.” Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies: 15–16. http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/OCLOFactSheetPDFs/ABIQuickGuide_BaselineAerosolOpticalDepth.pdf.
Luo, Teng-ling et al. 2017. “3 The Basic Analysis of Sandstorm in the Taklamakan Desert.” 04022: 1–6.
Ma, Siqi et al. 2019. “Multimodel Simulations of a Springtime Dust Storm over Northeastern China: Implications of an Evaluation of Four Commonly Used Air Quality Models (CMAQ v5.2.1, CAMx v6.50, CHIMERE V2017r4, and WRF-Chem v3.9.1).” Geoscientific Model Development 12(11): 4603–25.
Marticorena, Beatrice, and Gilles Bergametti. 1995. “Modeling the Atmospheric Dust Cycle . Part 1 : Design of a Soil-Derived Dust Emission Scheme.” (August).
Middleton, Nick, and Utchang Kang. 2017. “Sand and Dust Storms: Impact Mitigation.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9(6): 1–22.
Mohamad, Fahed Alhaj. 2015. “Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth From Modis Data At 500 M Resolution Compared With Ground.” MSc (May): 47.
Mokhtari, M. et al. 2015. “Three-Dimensional Dust Aerosol Distribution and Extinction Climatology over Northern Africa Simulated with the ALADIN Numerical Prediction Model from 2006 to 2010.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(15): 9063–82.
Morales, H. Christer. 1980. “A Case Study of a Dust Storm Weather Situation in the Sudan in April 1973.” Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 119(3): 658–76.
Mues, Andrea et al. 2018. “WRF and WRF-Chem v3.5.1 Simulations of Meteorology and Black Carbon Concentrations in the Kathmandu Valley.” Geoscientific Model Development 11(6): 2067–91.
Nguyen, Hiep Duc, Matt Riley, John Leys, and David Salter. 2019. “Dust Storm Event of February 2019 in Central and East Coast of Australia and Evidence of Long-Range Transport to New Zealand and Antarctica.” Atmosphere 10(11).
Nikfal, Amir Hossein, Atmospheric Science, Saviz Sehatkashani, and Atmospheric Science. 2018. “Investigation of Dust Schemes in the Model Wrf / Chem.” Journal of Air Pollution and Health 3(1)(June): 1–8.
Ostrenga Dana. 2020. “README Document for MERRA-2 Data Products.” : 1–65.
Palacios-Peña, Laura et al. 2020. “Added Value of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions for Representing Aerosol Optical Depth in an Online Coupled Climate-Chemistry Model over Europe.” Atmosphere 11(4).
Parajuli, Sagar P., Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Alexander Ukhov, and Hyunglok Kim. 2019. “Dust Emission Modeling Using a New High-Resolution Dust Source Function in WRF-Chem With Implications for Air Quality.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124(17–18): 10109–33.
Parolari, Anthony J. et al. 2016. “Climate, Not Conflict, Explains Extreme Middle East Dust Storm.” Environmental Research Letters 11(11).
Pelosi, Anna, Fabio Terribile, Guido D’Urso, and Giovanni Battista Chirico. 2020. “Comparison of ERA5-Land and UERRA MESCAN-SURFEX Reanalysis Data with Spatially Interpolated Weather Observations for the Regional Assessment of Reference Evapotranspiration.” Water (Switzerland) 12(6).
Qi, Yu Lei, Jin Ming Ge, and Jian Ping Huang. 2013. “Spatial and Temporal Distribution of MODIS and MISR Aerosol Optical Depth over Northern China and Comparison with AERONET.” Chinese Science Bulletin 58(20): 2497–2506.
Rizza, Umberto et al. 2017. “WRF-Chem Model Simulations of a Dust Outbreak over the Central Mediterranean and Comparison with Multi-Sensor Desert Dust Observations.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(1): 93–115.
Rostkier-edelstein, Dorita et al. 2019. “Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa : An Observational and Modeling Study of Two Events Using in-Situ and Remotely Sensed Measurements and WRF-Chem-RTFDDA.” 21: 2019.
Rubinstein, Aviv, and Meni Ben-hur. 2020. “Applied Sciences Dust Emission Thresholds in Loess Soil Under Di Ff Erent Saltation Fluxes.”
Saidou Chaibou, Abdoul Aziz et al. 2019. “Evaluation of Dust Extinction and Vertical Profiles Simulated by WRF-Chem with CALIPSO and AERONET over North Africa.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 199(2019): 105213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105213.
Schober, Patrick, and Lothar A. Schwarte. 2018. “Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation.” Anesthesia and Analgesia 126(5): 1763–68.
Shao, Yaping. 2001. “- Cagrlpb (•( Ds.” 106(3).
———. 2004. “Simplification of a Dust Emission Scheme and Comparison with Data.” 109: 1–6.
———. 2011. “Dust Cycle : An Emerging Core Theme in Earth System Science.” Aeolian Research 2(4): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001.
Shao, Yaping, Eunjoo Jung, and Lance M. Leslie. 2002. “Numerical Prediction of Northeast Asian Dust Storms Using an Integrated Wind Erosion Modeling System.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(24): 1–23.
Song, Ping, Jianfang Fei, Changshun Li, and Xiaogang Huang. 2019. “Simulation of an Asian Dust Storm Event in May 2017.” Atmosphere 10(3).
Touré, N’Datchoh Evelyne, Abdourahamane Konaré, and Siélé Silué. 2012. “Intercontinental Transport and Climatic Impact of Saharan and Sahelian Dust.” Advances in Meteorology 2012(June).
Tuccella, Paolo et al. 2012. “Modeling of Gas and Aerosol with WRF/Chem over Europe: Evaluation and Sensitivity Study.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117(3): 1–15.
Ukhov, Alexander, Ravan Ahmadov, Georg Grell, and Georgiy Stenchikov. 2020. “Improving Dust Simulations in WRF-Chem Model v4.1.3 Coupled with GOCART Aerosol Module.” Geoscientific Model Development Discussions (May): 1–30.
Wang, Jing et al. 1955. “Journal of Geophysical Research.” Nature 175(4449): 238.
Wang, Shigong, Jinyan Wang, Zijiang Zhou, and Kezheng Shang. 2005. “Regional Characteristics of Three Kinds of Dust Storm Events in China.” Atmospheric Environment 39(3): 509–20.
Yang, Bao et al. 2007. “Dust Storm Frequency and Its Relation to Climate Changes in Northern China during the Past 1000 Years.” Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9288–99.
Zhang, Xuelei et al. 2016. “A Systematic Review of Global Desert Dust and Associated Human Health Effects.” Atmosphere 7(12).
Zhao, Panpan et al. 2020. “The Adaptability of APSIM-Wheat Model in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain of China: A Case Study of Winter Wheat in Hubei Province.” Agronomy 10(7): 1–15.
Aldabash, Midyan, Filiz Bektas Balcik, and Paul Glantz. 2020. “Validation of MODIS C6.1 and MERRA-2 AOD Using AERONET Observations: A Comparative Study over Turkey.” Atmosphere 11(9).
Artaxo, Paulo et al. 2013. “Atmospheric Aerosols in Amazonia and Land Use Change: From Natural Biogenic to Biomass Burning Conditions.” Faraday Discussions 165(October 2013): 203–35.
Bosilovich, Michael G., Rob Lucchesi, and M. Suarez. 2016. “MERRA-2: File Specification.” Earth 9(9): 73. http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/office_notes.
Chang, Howard H., Xuefei Hu, and Yang Liu. 2014. “Calibrating MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth for Predicting Daily PM 2.5 Concentrations via Statistical Downscaling.” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 24(4): 398–404.
Cowie, S. M., P. Knippertz, and J. H. Marsham. 2014. “A Climatology of Dust Emission Events from Northern Africa Using Long-Term Surface Observations.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(16): 8579–97.
Csavina, Janae et al. 2014. “Effect of Wind Speed and Relative Humidity on Atmospheric Dust Concentrations in Semi-Arid Climates.” Science of the Total Environment 487(1): 82–90.
Die, Hu, Zhang Lei, and Wang Hongbin. 2014. “Aerosol Optical Depth Investigated with Satellite Remote Sensing Observations in China.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 17(1).
Eghbali, Arezu, Seyed Majid MirRokni, and Mohammad Hossein Memarian. 2016. “Dust Storm Simulation Using Wrf−Chem. (Case Study: West Asia).” Ijrras 28(1): 1–12. www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol28Issue1/IJRRAS_28_1_01.pdf.
Eghbali, Arezu, Seyed Majid Mirrokni, and Mohammad Hossein Memarian. 2016. “DUST STORM SIMULATION USING WRF − CHEM . ( CASE STUDY : WEST ASIA ).” 28(July): 1–12.
Eltahan, Muhammed, Mohammed Shokr, and Atef O. Sherif. 2018. “Simulation of Severe Dust Events over Egypt Using Tuned Dust Schemes in Weather Research Forecast (WRF-Chem).” Atmosphere 9(7).
Feng, Yan et al. 2016. “Humidity Bias and Effect on Simulated Aerosol Optical Properties during the Ganges Valley Experiment.” Current Science 111(1): 93–100.
Fountoukis, Christos et al. 2016. “Impact of Atmospheric Dust Emission Schemes on Dust Production and Concentration over the Arabian Peninsula.” Modeling
Earth Systems and Environment 2(3): 1–6.
Gemma Shepherd, Utchang Kang Enric Terradellas, Alexander Baklanov, Slobodan Nickovic William A. Sprigg, and Ali Al-Dousari Ali Darvishi Boloorani. 2016. Unep Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms. http://library.wmo.int/opac/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=19638#.WCll6IVOIaE.
Ginoux, P., J. M. Prospero, O. Torres, and M. Chin. 2004. “Long-Term Simulation of Global Dust Distribution with the GOCART Model: Correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation.” Environmental Modelling and Software 19(2): 113–28.
Ginoux, Paul et al. 2001. “Sources and Distributions of Dust Aerosols Simulated with the GOCART Model.” (January 2014).
Govardhan, Gaurav et al. 2015. “Performance of WRF-Chem over Indian Region: Comparison with Measurements.” Journal of Earth System Science 124(4): 875–96.
Grell, Georg A, Steven E Peckham, Rainer Schmitz, and Stuart A Mckeen. 2005. “Fully Coupled ‘ Online ’ Chemistry in the WRF Model Fully Coupled ‘“ Online ”’ Chemistry within the WRF Model.” (December).
Gustafson, William I., and Shaocai Yu. 2012. “Generalized Approach for Using Unbiased Symmetric Metrics with Negative Values: Normalized Mean Bias Factor and Normalized Mean Absolute Error Factor.” Atmospheric Science Letters 13(4): 262–67.
He, Lijie et al. 2019. “Assessment of MERRA-2 Surface PM2.5 over the Yangtze River Basin: Ground-Based Verification, Spatiotemporal Distribution and Meteorological Dependence.” Remote Sensing 11(4).
Hereher, Mohamed E. 2011. “The Sahara: A Desert of Change.” Sand Dunes: Ecology, Geology and Conservation (October): 101–14.
Hersbach, Hans et al. 2020. “The ERA5 Global Reanalysis.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 146(730): 1999–2049.
Holton, James R. et al. 2019. “Variability and Trends in Dust Storm Frequency on Decadal Timescales: Climatic Drivers and Human Impacts.” Atmosphere 11(3): 1–6. http://sds-was.aemet.es/news/unep-global-environmental-alert-service-releases-forecasting-and-early-warning-of-dust-storms.
Holton, James R., and Gregory J. Hakim. 2012. 9780123848 An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology: Fifth Edition An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology: Fifth Edition.
Illari, Lodovica, and John Marshall. 2010. “12.307 Project 2 Fronts.” (March): 1–10. http://paoc.mit.edu/12307/front/project2.pdf.
Kang, Hanqing et al. 2019. “Potential Impacts of Cold Frontal Passage on Air Quality over the Yangtze River Delta, China.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19(6): 3673–85.
Karagulian, Federico et al. 2019. “Analysis of a Severe Dust Storm and Its Impact on Air Quality Conditions Using WRF-Chem Modeling, Satellite Imagery, and Ground Observations.” Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 12(4): 453–70.
Khaniabadi, Yusef Omidi et al. 2017. “Impact of Middle Eastern Dust Storms on Human Health.” Atmospheric Pollution Research 8(4): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.11.005.
Knippertz, Peter. 2014. “Meteorological Aspects of Dust Storms.” Mineral Dust: A Key Player in the Earth System: 121–47.
———. 2015. “Meteorological Aspects of Dust Storms Meteorological Aspects of Dust Storms.” (September 2014).
Knippertz, Peter, and Andreas H. Fink. 2006. “Synoptic and Dynamic Aspects of an Extreme Springtime Saharan Dust Outbreak.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 132(617): 1153–77.
LeGrand, Sandra L. et al. 2019. “The AFWA Dust Emission Scheme for the GOCART Aerosol Model in WRF-Chem v3.8.1.” Geoscientific Model Development 12(1): 131–66.
Li, Xiaodong et al. 2017. “Characteristics of Particulate Pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) and Their Spacescale-Dependent Relationships with Meteorological Elements in China.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9(12): 1–14.
Lindstrom, Scott. 2018. “Aerosol Optical Depth Quick Guide.” Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies: 15–16. http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/OCLOFactSheetPDFs/ABIQuickGuide_BaselineAerosolOpticalDepth.pdf.
Luo, Teng-ling et al. 2017. “3 The Basic Analysis of Sandstorm in the Taklamakan Desert.” 04022: 1–6.
Ma, Siqi et al. 2019. “Multimodel Simulations of a Springtime Dust Storm over Northeastern China: Implications of an Evaluation of Four Commonly Used Air Quality Models (CMAQ v5.2.1, CAMx v6.50, CHIMERE V2017r4, and WRF-Chem v3.9.1).” Geoscientific Model Development 12(11): 4603–25.
Marticorena, Beatrice, and Gilles Bergametti. 1995. “Modeling the Atmospheric Dust Cycle . Part 1 : Design of a Soil-Derived Dust Emission Scheme.” (August).
Middleton, Nick, and Utchang Kang. 2017. “Sand and Dust Storms: Impact Mitigation.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9(6): 1–22.
Mohamad, Fahed Alhaj. 2015. “Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth From Modis Data At 500 M Resolution Compared With Ground.” MSc (May): 47.
Mokhtari, M. et al. 2015. “Three-Dimensional Dust Aerosol Distribution and Extinction Climatology over Northern Africa Simulated with the ALADIN Numerical Prediction Model from 2006 to 2010.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(15): 9063–82.
Morales, H. Christer. 1980. “A Case Study of a Dust Storm Weather Situation in the Sudan in April 1973.” Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 119(3): 658–76.
Mues, Andrea et al. 2018. “WRF and WRF-Chem v3.5.1 Simulations of Meteorology and Black Carbon Concentrations in the Kathmandu Valley.” Geoscientific Model Development 11(6): 2067–91.
Nguyen, Hiep Duc, Matt Riley, John Leys, and David Salter. 2019. “Dust Storm Event of February 2019 in Central and East Coast of Australia and Evidence of Long-Range Transport to New Zealand and Antarctica.” Atmosphere 10(11).
Nikfal, Amir Hossein, Atmospheric Science, Saviz Sehatkashani, and Atmospheric Science. 2018. “Investigation of Dust Schemes in the Model Wrf / Chem.” Journal of Air Pollution and Health 3(1)(June): 1–8.
Ostrenga Dana. 2020. “README Document for MERRA-2 Data Products.” : 1–65.
Palacios-Peña, Laura et al. 2020. “Added Value of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions for Representing Aerosol Optical Depth in an Online Coupled Climate-Chemistry Model over Europe.” Atmosphere 11(4).
Parajuli, Sagar P., Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Alexander Ukhov, and Hyunglok Kim. 2019. “Dust Emission Modeling Using a New High-Resolution Dust Source Function in WRF-Chem With Implications for Air Quality.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124(17–18): 10109–33.
Parolari, Anthony J. et al. 2016. “Climate, Not Conflict, Explains Extreme Middle East Dust Storm.” Environmental Research Letters 11(11).
Pelosi, Anna, Fabio Terribile, Guido D’Urso, and Giovanni Battista Chirico. 2020. “Comparison of ERA5-Land and UERRA MESCAN-SURFEX Reanalysis Data with Spatially Interpolated Weather Observations for the Regional Assessment of Reference Evapotranspiration.” Water (Switzerland) 12(6).
Qi, Yu Lei, Jin Ming Ge, and Jian Ping Huang. 2013. “Spatial and Temporal Distribution of MODIS and MISR Aerosol Optical Depth over Northern China and Comparison with AERONET.” Chinese Science Bulletin 58(20): 2497–2506.
Rizza, Umberto et al. 2017. “WRF-Chem Model Simulations of a Dust Outbreak over the Central Mediterranean and Comparison with Multi-Sensor Desert Dust Observations.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(1): 93–115.
Rostkier-edelstein, Dorita et al. 2019. “Dust Storms in the Middle East and North Africa : An Observational and Modeling Study of Two Events Using in-Situ and Remotely Sensed Measurements and WRF-Chem-RTFDDA.” 21: 2019.
Rubinstein, Aviv, and Meni Ben-hur. 2020. “Applied Sciences Dust Emission Thresholds in Loess Soil Under Di Ff Erent Saltation Fluxes.”
Saidou Chaibou, Abdoul Aziz et al. 2019. “Evaluation of Dust Extinction and Vertical Profiles Simulated by WRF-Chem with CALIPSO and AERONET over North Africa.” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 199(2019): 105213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105213.
Schober, Patrick, and Lothar A. Schwarte. 2018. “Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation.” Anesthesia and Analgesia 126(5): 1763–68.
Shao, Yaping. 2001. “- Cagrlpb (•( Ds.” 106(3).
———. 2004. “Simplification of a Dust Emission Scheme and Comparison with Data.” 109: 1–6.
———. 2011. “Dust Cycle : An Emerging Core Theme in Earth System Science.” Aeolian Research 2(4): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001.
Shao, Yaping, Eunjoo Jung, and Lance M. Leslie. 2002. “Numerical Prediction of Northeast Asian Dust Storms Using an Integrated Wind Erosion Modeling System.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(24): 1–23.
Song, Ping, Jianfang Fei, Changshun Li, and Xiaogang Huang. 2019. “Simulation of an Asian Dust Storm Event in May 2017.” Atmosphere 10(3).
Touré, N’Datchoh Evelyne, Abdourahamane Konaré, and Siélé Silué. 2012. “Intercontinental Transport and Climatic Impact of Saharan and Sahelian Dust.” Advances in Meteorology 2012(June).
Tuccella, Paolo et al. 2012. “Modeling of Gas and Aerosol with WRF/Chem over Europe: Evaluation and Sensitivity Study.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 117(3): 1–15.
Ukhov, Alexander, Ravan Ahmadov, Georg Grell, and Georgiy Stenchikov. 2020. “Improving Dust Simulations in WRF-Chem Model v4.1.3 Coupled with GOCART Aerosol Module.” Geoscientific Model Development Discussions (May): 1–30.
Wang, Jing et al. 1955. “Journal of Geophysical Research.” Nature 175(4449): 238.
Wang, Shigong, Jinyan Wang, Zijiang Zhou, and Kezheng Shang. 2005. “Regional Characteristics of Three Kinds of Dust Storm Events in China.” Atmospheric Environment 39(3): 509–20.
Yang, Bao et al. 2007. “Dust Storm Frequency and Its Relation to Climate Changes in Northern China during the Past 1000 Years.” Atmospheric Environment 41(40): 9288–99.
Zhang, Xuelei et al. 2016. “A Systematic Review of Global Desert Dust and Associated Human Health Effects.” Atmosphere 7(12).
Zhao, Panpan et al. 2020. “The Adaptability of APSIM-Wheat Model in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain of China: A Case Study of Winter Wheat in Hubei Province.” Agronomy 10(7): 1–15.
منشور
2022-02-08
كيفية الاقتباس
Altayeb Ragab, WANG Jian Hong, & Abdoul Aziz Saidou Chaibou. (2022). Using WRF-Chem for Simulating and Evaluating the Dust Three Emission Schemes during Severe Dust Storm 27 to 30 March 2018 over Sudan. مجلة كلية العلوم والتقانة, (8), 93 - 112. https://doi.org/10.52981/jfst.vi8.1966
القسم
Articles
