Detection of Candida spp.in Diabetic Septic Foot in Khartoum State Diabetic Center
Keywords:
Diabetes Mellitus, Candida, Fungal infection
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that affects the immune system besides other systems and causes premature death or complications over time causing patients suffering. Because of immune system involvement, fungal infection is one of the prominent infections especially if patients present with wounds.
Material and method: 50 DM patients, 20 females and 30 males were enrolled. Double wound swabs were collected from each patient. 1st one is for direct microscopy (smear stained with 70% methylene blue). The 2nd one was used for culture in 3 test tubes containing Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, 2 test tubes were incubated aerobically (the 2 tubes used for confirmation).
Result: Candida spp. infection found among 9 (18%) patients and no Candida spp. infection among 41 (82%) of patients. Candida spp. infection found among elderly patients.
Conclusion: In this study, we were able to isolate Candida spp. from diabetic foot ulcer patients.
References
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25.Sanniyasi S, Balu J, Narayanan CD. Fungal Infection: A Hidden Enemy in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2015;2(2):74-76.
26. Mehra B K . A Clinicomicrobiological study on incidence of Mycotic infections in diabetic foot ulcers . Inter J Sci Stud . 2017 ; 4 (12 ): 50 -4.
27. Fata S, Saeed Modaghegh M, Faizi R, Najafzadeh M, Afzalaghaee M, Ghasemi M, et al. Mycotic infections in diabetic foot ulcers in Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, 2006–2008. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2011;4:1–16
28. Abilash S, Kannan N, Rajan K, Pramodhini MR. Clinical study on the prevalence of fungal infections in diabetic foot. Int J Curr Res Rev 2015;7:8-13.
2. Noor SK, 2Bushara SO, Sulaiman AA, et al. Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in rural communities in Sudan: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J 2015;21:164-70.
3. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 5th. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2011.
4. van Dieren S, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, et al. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17 Suppl 1:S3-8.
5. King, H.; Aubert, R.E.; Herman, W.H. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998, 21, 1414–1431.
6. Agarwal, S.; Raman, R.; Paul, P.G.; Rani, P.K.; Uthra, S.; Gayathree, R.; McCarty, C.; Kumaramanickavel, G.; Sharma, T. Sankara Nethralaya—Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN— DREAMS 1): Study Design and Research Methodology. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2005, 12, 143–153.]
7. Kumar A, Goel MK, Jain RB, Khanna P, Chaudhary V. India towards diabetes control: Key issues. Australas Med J. 2013;6(10):524-31.
8. Willis, A.M.; Coulter, W.A.; Fulton, C.R.; Hayes, J.R.; Bell, P.M.; Lamey, P.J. Oral candidal carriage and infection in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 1999, 16, 675–679.
9. Karaa, A.; Goldstein, A. The spectrum of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of mitochondrial forms of diabetes. Pediatr. Diabetes 2015, 16, 1–9
10. Bakker K, Riley PH. The year of the diabetic foot. Diabetes Voice. 2005;50(1):11-4
11.Nathan DM, Mc Kitrick C, Larkin M et al. Glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: have changes in therapy made a difference? Am J Med 1996; 100: 157-63.
12. Berkow EL, Lockhart SR. Fluconazole resistance in Candida species: A current perspective. Infect Drug Resist. 2017;10:237–45.
13. Missoni EM, Kalenic S, Vukelic M, De Syo D, Belicza M, Babic V. Candida infections of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetol Croat. 2005;34:29–35.
14.Bansal E, Garg A, Bhatia S, Attri AK, Chander J. Spectrum of microbial flora in diabetic foot ulcers. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2008;51:204–8
15. Tang, H.J.; Liu, W.L.; Lin, H.L.; Lai, C.C. Epidemiology and prognostic factors of candidemia in elderly patients. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2015, 15, 688–693.
16. Gonçalves, R.H.P.; Miranda, E.T.; Zaia, J.E.; Giannini, M.J.S.M. Species diversity of yeast in oral colonization of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus patients. Mycopathologia 2006, 162, 83–89.
17. Belazi, M.; Velegraki, A.; Fleva, A.; Gidarakou, I.; Papanaum, L.; Baka, D.; Daniilidou, N.; Karamitsos, D. Candidal overgrowth in diabetic patients: Potential predisposing factors. Mycoses 2005, 48, 192–196.
18. Wallet SM, Puri V, Gibson FC. Linkage of infection to adverse systemic complications: periodontal disease, toll-like receptors, and other pattern recognition systems. Vaccines 2018; 6
19.Martinez N, Kornfeld H. Diabetes and immunity to tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:617–626.
20.Kajiwara C, Kusaka Y, Kimura S, Yamaguchi T, Nanjo Y, Ishii Y, et al. Metformin mediates protection against legionella pneumonia through activation of AMPK and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. J Immunol 2018; 200:623–631
21. Gosiewski T., Salamon D., Szopa M., Sroka A., Malecki M.T., Bulanda M. Quantitative evaluation of fungi of the genus Candida in the feces of adult patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes—A pilot study. Gut Pathog. 2014;6:43.
22. Raiesi O, Siavash M, Mohammadi F, Chabavizadeh J, Mahaki B, Maherolnaghsh M, Dehghan P. Frequency of Cutaneous Fungal Infections and Azole Resistance of the Isolates in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.Adv Biomed Res. 2017 Jun 6;6:71.
23. Cruickshank, R., Duguid, J., Marmion, B. P., & Swain, R. H. (1975). Medical Microbiology. 12th. ed. 2, London and New York.
24. Eckhard M Lengler A Liersch J Bretzel RG Mayser P Fungal foot infections in patients with diabetes mellitus--results of two independent investigations. Mycoses. 2007;50:14–19
25.Sanniyasi S, Balu J, Narayanan CD. Fungal Infection: A Hidden Enemy in Diabetic Foot Ulcers. J Foot Ankle Surg (Asia-Pacific) 2015;2(2):74-76.
26. Mehra B K . A Clinicomicrobiological study on incidence of Mycotic infections in diabetic foot ulcers . Inter J Sci Stud . 2017 ; 4 (12 ): 50 -4.
27. Fata S, Saeed Modaghegh M, Faizi R, Najafzadeh M, Afzalaghaee M, Ghasemi M, et al. Mycotic infections in diabetic foot ulcers in Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, 2006–2008. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2011;4:1–16
28. Abilash S, Kannan N, Rajan K, Pramodhini MR. Clinical study on the prevalence of fungal infections in diabetic foot. Int J Curr Res Rev 2015;7:8-13.
Published
2022-12-16
Section
Articles
