Dose Reference Levels in Radiography for the Most Common Examinations in Sudan
Keywords:
The results are valuable for establishing a solid base for national ESDs and can provide a data base for future dose measurements
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to establish national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the first time in Sudan. This is done through evaluation of entrance surface dose (ESD) to patients undergoing selected X-ray examinations.
Materials and Methods: ESD per examination was estimated from X-ray tube output parameters in 15 hospitals comprising 20 rooms and a sample of 8 most common X-ray examinations with 11 basic views and a total of 1490 projections. Third quartile was calculated from the resultant distributed mean ESDs in each hospital surveyed.
Results: The results obtained in mGy were, 1.9 for PA skull, 1.2 for lateral Skull, 0.539 for PA chest, 3 for abdomen and pelvis, 4.9 for AP lumbosacral spine, 18.5 for lateral lumbosacral spine, 1.35 for AP cervical spine, 1.67 for lateral cervical spine 0.4 for AP knee joint and 1.4 for AP shoulder. With exception of PA chest in all hospitals, mean ESDs were found to be within the international reference dose the major drawback is the large variations in hospitals for the same procedure.
Conclusions: The results are valuable for establishing a solid base for national ESDs and can provide a data base for future dose measurements.
References
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2. International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990 recommendations of the international Commission on Radiological protection. ICRP Publication 60. Oxford: Elsevier; 1991.
3. Commission of the European Communities. Health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure and repealing Directive 84/466/Euratom. Council Directive 97/43/Euratom. Official Journal of the European Communities, L180/22; 1997.
4. Nada A. Ahmed and Ibrahim I. Suliman. Quality Assurance and optimization in Radiographic Examinations Using the Reject Film Analysis. Sudan Atomic Energy Agency Commission. Khartoum. Sudan 2013; 60-64
5. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (1995). Radiation doses in diagnostic radiology aand methods for dose reduction. IAEA-TECDOC. Z96, Brussels; CEC.
6. Johnston D A and Brennan P C. Reference dose levels for patients undergoing common diagnostic X-ray examinations in Irish hospitals. British Journal of Radiology.2000; 73: 396 – 402.
7. Osman, 2013 H. Osman Pediatric radiation dose from routine X-ray examination hospital based Study,Taif pediatric hospital Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 5 (2013), pp. 511–515
8. Suleiman et al., 2007 I.I. Suliman, N. Abbas, F.I. HabbaniEntrance surface doses to patients undergoing selected diagnostic x-ray examinations in Sudan Radiation Protection Dosimeter, 123 (2) (2007), pp. 209–214
9. Wall BF. Radiation protection dosimetry for diagnostic radiology patients. RadiatProtDosimetry. 2004;109(4):409-19
10. BF, Shrimpton PC. The historical development of reference doses in diagnostic radiology. RadiatProtDosimetry. 1998;80(1-3):15-20.
11. Shrimpton PC, Wall BF, Jones DG, Fisher ES,Hillier MC, Kendall GM, et al. national survey of doses to patients undergoing a selection of routine X-ray examinations in English hospitals. NRPB-R200. London:HMSO; 1986 .
12. European Council 1 Directive 97/43 Euratom on Health Protection of Individuals against the Dangers of Ionizing Radiation in Relation to Medical Exposure
13. Doses to patients from medical X-ray Examinations in the UK-1995 Review. National Radiological Protection Board NRPB-R289. London: HMSO; 1996
14. ICRP. Diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging: review and additional advice. Ann ICRP 2001; 31:33-52
15. European Commission. European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images EUR 16260 EN, Luxembourg; 1996
16. Veit R, Bauer B. Establishment of Diagnostic reference levels for diagnostic radiology in Germany European Commission Doc RTD/0034/20, PP. 285-291 (2000), MedizinischePhysik, DGMP; 2002
17. European Commission. The Health Protection of Individuals against the Dangers of Ionizing Radiation in Relation to Medical Exposure. Council Directive 97/43/Euratom,OJ L180 p22 . Luxemburg, 1997
18. National Radiological Protection Board. Doses to patients from medical x-ray examinations in the UK-1995 review. Chilton, United Kingdom: NRPB; 1996. Doc.
19. Hart D, Hillier MC, Wall BF. Doses to patients from medical X-ray examination in the UK- 200 Review. National Radiological Protection Board, NRPBW14, Chilton Didcot; 2002
20. Institute of Occupational Safety. Patient doses fromX-ray examinations in Slovenia, Ljubljana: SRPA report; 2004 .
21. National Radiological Protection Board. National protocol for patient dose measurements in diagnostic radiology. Dosimetry Working Party of the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine. Chilton, United Kingdom: NRPB; 1992
22. D, Hillier MC, Wall BF, eds. Doses to patients from medical X-ray examinations in the UK-2000 review. Chilton, United Kingdom: National Radiological Protection Board; 2002. Doc. NRPB-W14
23. ARPANSA. RPS 14.1 Safety Guide for Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. Yallambie: Australian Radiation Protection & Nuclear Safety Agency, 2008
24. International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990 Recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60, Ann. ICRP 21. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 19991
25. International Atomic Energy Agency. International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. Safety Series No 115. Vienna: IAEA; 1996
26. ICRP. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007; 37:1-332
27. Hart D, Hillier MC, Shrimpton PC. Doses to patients from radiographic and fluoroscopic X-ray imaging procedures in the UK : 2010 review. Didcot: Health Protection Agency, 2012
28. Mohamadain KEM, da Rosa LAR, Azevedo ACP, Guebel MRN, Boechat MCB, Habani F. Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:1017-31
29. Shrimpton PC, Wall BF, Jones DG, Fisher ES, Hillier MC, Kendall GM, et al. Doses to patients from routine diagnostic X ray examinations in England. Br J Radiol. 1986;59:749-58
30. RPANSA. RPS 14. Code of Practice for Radiation Protection in the Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation. Yallambie: Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, 2008.
