Comparison of Oral, Tympanic and Fresh Urine Temperature in Healthy Young Adult Males in Kingdom Suadi Arabia
Keywords:
Core body temperature, oral, tympanic, urine
Abstract
Background: Core body temperature (CBT) is commonly evaluated by measuring oral (OT) and tympanic membrane (TT) temperatures; however, there are considerable debates on which of these methods is the most appropriate.
Objective: To evaluate concordance of OT and TT with CBT.
Material and Methods: OT, TT and fresh urine temperature (FUT) were measured
simultaneously in 45 apparently healthy young adult males from Buraydah, Qassim, KSA during July 2015. All readings were obtained between 7:00 and 10:00 pm according to the standard methods. FUT was used as indicator of CBT.
Results: OT (36.35±0.41° C) was significantly higher compared with TT (35.99±0.81° C, P = 0.013) as well as FUT (35.55±0.76° C, P < 0.001). TT was significantly higher compared with FUT (P = 0.003). Using one sample t-test, the difference between OT and TT (0.36±0.92° C, P = 0.011), OT and FUT (0.80±0.90° C, P < 0.001) and TT and FUT (0.44±0.80° C, P = 0.001) were significantly above zero. Disconcordance of the OT, TT and FUT measurements are further illustrated by Bland-Altman plots. There were no significant correlations between OT and TT as well as between OT and FUT. However, TT correlated positively with FUT (r = 0.48, P = 0.001).
Conclusions: OT and TT are inappropriate measures for CBT. CBT has influence on TT, but not OT.
References
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30. Doyle F, Zehner WJ, Terndrup TE. The effect of ambient temperature extremes on tympanic and oral temperatures. Am J Emerg Med. 1992 Jul;10(4):285-9.
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2. Sund-Levander M, Grodzinsky E. Time for a change to assess and evaluate body temperature in clinical practice. Int J NursPract. 2009 Aug;15(4):241-9.
3. Kurz A. Physiology of thermoregulation. Best Pract Res ClinAnaesthesiol. 2008 Dec;22(4):627-44.
4. McGregor AC, Moore DA. Infectious causes of fever of unknown origin. Clin Med (Lond). 2015 Jun;15(3):285-7.
5. Mayxay M, Sengvilaipaseuth O, Chanthongthip A, et al. Causes of Fever in Rural Southern Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Sep;93(3):517-20.
6. Gasim GI, Musa IR, AbdienMT,et al.. Accuracy of tympanic temperature measurement using an infrared tympanic membrane thermometer. BMC Research Notes. 2013;6:194.
7. Terndrup TE, Allegra JR, Kealy JA. A comparison of oral, rectal, and tympanic membrane-derived temperature changes after ingestion of liquids and smoking. Am J Emerg Med. 1989 Mar;7(2):150-4.
8. Mazerolle SM, Ganio MS, Casa DJ, et al. Is Oral Temperature an Accurate Measurement of Deep Body Temperature? A Systematic Review. Journal of Athletic Training. 2011;46(5):566-573.
9. Jensen BN, Jeppesen LJ, Mortensen BB. Only rectal temperature measurements are suitable for routine temperature measurement. UgeskrLaeger. 1991;153(50):3346–3549.
10. Fallis WM. Monitoring urinary bladder temperature in the intensive care unit: state of the science. Am J Crit Care. 2002 Jan;11(1):38-45; quiz 47.
11. Chue AL, Moore RL, Cavey A, et al. Comparability of tympanic and oral mercury thermometers at high ambient temperatures. BMC Res Notes. 2012;16:5. 356.
12. Tomita Y, Kamei M, KuwajimaK,et al. Bladder temperature versus tympanic temperature in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Masui. 2012 Nov;61(11):1234-8.
13. Modell JG, Katholi CR, Kumaramangalam SM, et al. Unreliability of the infrared tympanic thermometer in clinical practice: a comparative study with oral mercury and oral electronic thermometers. South Med J. 1998 Jul;91(7):649-54.
14. Kawanami S, Horie S, Inoue J, et al. Urine temperature as an index for the core temperature of industrial workers in hot or cold environments. Int J Biometeorol. 2012 Nov;56(6):1025-31.
15. Barnett BJ, Nunberg S, Tai J, et al. Oral and Tympanic Membrane Temperatures Are Inaccurate to Identify Fever in Emergency Department Adults. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011;12(4):505-511.
16. Brenner SH, Lessing JB, Amelar RD, et al. The use of voided urine temperature in the determination of basal body temperature. FertilSteril. 1985 Oct;44(4):536-8.
17. Lu SH, Dai YT, Yen CJ. The effects of measurement site and ambient temperature on body temperature values in healthy older adults: a cross-sectional comparative study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009 Nov;46(11):1415-22.
18. Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Grucza R. Gender differences in thermoregulation. CurrOpinClinNutrMetab Care. 2001 Nov;4(6):533-6.
19. Wang CS, Chen CL, Huang CJ, et al. Effects of different operating room temperatures on the body temperature undergoing live liver donor hepatectomy. Transplant Proc. 2008 Oct;40(8):2463-5.
20. Gubin DG, Gubin GD, Waterhouse J, et al. The circadian body temperature rhythm in the elderly: effect of single daily melatonin dosing. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(3):639-58.
21. Lu SH, Dai YT. Normal body temperature and the effects of age, sex, ambient temperature and body mass index on normal oral temperature: a prospective, comparative study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009 May;46(5):661-8.
22. Manjer J, Johansson R, Lenner P. Smoking as a determinant for plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and DHEAs in postmenopausal women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20:331–7.
23. Inoue Y, Tanaka Y, Omori K, et al. Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Jun;94(3):323-32. Epub 2005 Feb 24.
24. Blauw LL, Boon MR, Rosendaal FR, et al. Smoking is associated with increased resting energy expenditure in the general population: The NEO study. Metabolism. 2015 Nov;64(11):1548-55.
25. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–310.
26. Erickson RS, Kirklin SK. Comparison of ear-based, bladder, oral, and axillary methods for core temperature measurement. Crit Care Med. 1993 Oct;21(10):1528-34.
27. Yaron M, Lowenstein SR, Koziol-McLain J. Measuring the accuracy of the infrared tympanic thermometer: correlation does not signify agreement. J Emerg Med. 1995 Sep-Oct;13(5):617-21.
28. Jensen BN, Jensen FS, Madsen SN, et al. Accuracy of digital tympanic, oral, axillary, and rectal thermometers compared with standard rectal mercury thermometers. Eur J Surg. 2000 Nov;166(11):848-51.
29. Ganio MS, Brown CM, Casa DJ. Validity and reliability of devices that assess body temperature during indoor exercise in the heat. J Athl Train. 2009;44(2):124–135.
30. Doyle F, Zehner WJ, Terndrup TE. The effect of ambient temperature extremes on tympanic and oral temperatures. Am J Emerg Med. 1992 Jul;10(4):285-9.
31. Fushimi H, Inoue T, Yamada Y,et al. Profound vasoconstrictive effect of cigarette smoking in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Res ClinPract. 1992 Jun;16(3):191-5.
32. Cochran CJ, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, et al. Cigarette Smoking, Androgen Levels, and Hot Flushes in Midlife Women. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008;112(5):1037-1044.
