Workplace Violence Against Doctors in Khartoum State, Sudan, 2020
Keywords:
violence, workplace, doctors, physical, nonphysical
Abstract
Background: Workplace violence against healthcare workers and especially doctors are now clearly taken as a rapidly rising health problem in Sudan with great political and legal concerns. The current study was aimed at exploring the prevalence of verbal and physical workplace violence, the major factors associated with it, and its consequences reported by medical staff in Khartoum, Sudan government hospitals in 2020.
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Violence in the Health Sector.
[32] AbuAlRub, R. F., Khalifa, M. F., and Habbib, M. B. (2007). Workplace violence among
Iraqi hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 281–288.
[33] El-Gilany, A. H., El-Wehady, A., and Amr, M. (2010). Violence against primary health
care workers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 25,
no. 4, pp. 716–734.
[34] Gillespie, G. L., Gates, D. M., Miller, M., et al. (2010). Workplace violence in healthcare
settings: risk factors and protective strategies. Rehabilitation Nursing, vol. 35, no. 5,
pp. 177–184.
[35] Abdellah, R. and Salama, K. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors of workplace violence
against health care workers in emergency department in Ismailia, Egypt. Pan African
Medical Journal, vol. 26, p. 21.
[36] Imran, N., Jawaid, M., Haider, I. I., et al. (2010). Bullying of junior doctors in Pakistan:
a cross-sectional survey. Singapore Medical Journal, vol. 51, no. 7, p. 592.
[37] Ayranci, U., Yenilmez, C., Balci, Y., et al. (2006). Identification of violence in Turkish
health care settings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 276–296.[38] Landau, S. and Bendalak, Y. (2007). Personnel exposure to violence in hospital
emergency wards: a routine activity approach. Aggressive Behavior, vol. 34, no. 1,
pp. 88–103.
[39] Ahmed, F., Khizar Memon, M., and Memon, S. (2018). Violence against doctors, a
serious concern for healthcare organizations to ponder about. Annals of Medicine
and Surgery, vol. 25, pp. 3–5.
[40] Swain, C. G., and Greenwood, R. (2014). Patient aggression experienced by staff in
a New Zealand public hospital setting. The New Zealand Medical Journal, vol. 127,
no. 1394, pp. 10–18.
[41] Erkol, H., Gökdoğan, M. R., Erkol, Z., et al. (2007). Aggression and violence towards
health care providers–a problem in Turkey? Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine,
vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 423–428.
[42] Ryan, J. A. and Poster, E. C. (1989). The assaulted nurse: short-term and long-term
responses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 323–331.
[43] Adib, S. M., Al-Shatti, A. K., Kamal, S., et al. (2002). Violence against nurses in
healthcare facilities in Kuwait. International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 39, no.
4, pp. 469–478.
lexico.com/definition/violence
[2] USLegal, Inc. (n.d.). In Workplace Violence Law and Legal Definition. Retrieved from:
https://definitions.uslegal.com/w/workplace-violence/
[3] FitzGerald, D. and Reid, A. (2012). Frequency and consequences of violence in
community pharmacies in Ireland. Occupational Medicine, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 632–
663.
[4] Papa, A. and Venella, J. (2013). Workplace violence in healthcare: strategies for
advocacy. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, vol. 18, no. 1, manuscript 5.
[5] WHO. (2002). Framework Guidelines for Addressing Workplace
Violence in the Health Sector. Geneva, Switzerland: International
labour Office (ILO), International Council for Nurses (ICN), World Health
Organization (WHO), Public services international (PSI). Retrieved from:
who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/work-place/en/
[6] Dahal, K. (2008). Angry relatives attack doctors and hospitals in Nepal. BMJ, vol.
337, p. a1946.
[7] Li, Z., Yan, C. M., Shi, L., et al. (2017). Workplace violence against medical staff of
Chinese children’s hospitals: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 6, p.
e0179373.
[8] Chen, S., Lin, S., Ruan, Q., et al. (2016). Workplace violence and its effect on burnout
and turnover attempt among Chinese medical staff. Archives of Environmental &
Occupational Health, vol. 71, no. 6, p. 3307.
[9] Muzyk, A., Lentz, K., Green, C., et al. (2017). Emphasizing bloom’s affective
domain to reduce pharmacy students’ stigmatizing attitudes. American Journal of
Pharmaceutical Education, vol. 81, no. 2, p. 35.
[10] US Department of Labor. (n.d.). OSHA Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: www.osha.gov/
OshDoc/data_General_Facts/factsheet-workplace-violence.pdf
[11] di Martino, V. (2003). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: Relationship
Between Work Stress and Workplace Violence in the Health Sector. Geneva:
ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/
violence/interpersonal/WVstresspaper.pdf
[12] Burnham, G. M., Lafta, R., and Doocy, S. (2009). Doctors leaving 12 tertiary hospitals
in Iraq, 2004–2007. Social Science & Medicine, vol. 69, pp. 172–177.[13] O’Hanlon, M. E. and Campbell, J. H. (October 1, 2007). Iraq Index. The Brookings
Institution. Retrieved from: http:/www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf
[14] Boafo, I. (2016). Ghanaian nurses’ emigration intentions: the role of workplace
violence. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 29–35.
[15] Kapoor, M. C. (2017). Violence against the medical profession. Journal of
Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 33, pp. 145–147.
[16] Tian, Y., Yue, Y., Wang, G., et al. (2020). Workplace violence against hospital
healthcare workers in China: a national WeChat-based survey. BMC Public Health,
vol. 20, article 582.
[17] di Martino, V. (2002). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: Country Case Studies
– Brazil, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand and an additional
Australian study. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/
injury/en/WVsynthesisreport.pdf
[18] Mento, C., Silvestri, M., Bruno, A., et al. (2020). Workplace violence against healthcare
professionals: a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 51, p.
101381.
[19] Sun, T., Gao, L., Li, F., et al. (2017). Workplace violence, psychological stress, sleep
quality and subjective health in Chinese doctors: a large cross-sectional study. BMJ
Open, vol. 7, no. 12, p. e017182.
[20] Gong, Y., Han, T., Yin, X., et al. (2014). Prevalence of depressive symptoms and
work-related risk factors among nurses in public hospitals in southern China: a crosssectional
study. Scientific Reports, vol. 4, p. 7109.
[21] Xu, T., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Lange, T., et al. (2018). Workplace bullying and
violence as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a multicohort, study and meta-analysis.
Diabetologia, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 75–83.
[22] Xu, T., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Lange, T., et al. (2019). Workplace bullying and
workplace violence as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a multi-cohort study.
European Heart Journal, vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 1124–1134.
[23] Kitaneh, M. and Hamdan, M. (2012). Workplace violence against physicians and
nurses in Palestinian public hospitals: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services
Research, vol. 12, no. 1.
[24] ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI. (2002). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector - Country
Case Studies Research Instrument – Survey Questionnaire. Geneva, Switzerland:
ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector.[25] Gerberich, S., Church, T., McGovern, P., et al. (2004). An epidemiological study of
the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses’
Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 495–503.
[26] Abbas, M. A., Fiala, L. A., Abdel Rahman, A. G., et al. (2010). Epidemiology of
workplace violence against nursing staff in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Journal of
the Egyptian Public Health Association, vol. 85, no. 1–2, pp. 29–43.
[27] Algwaiz, W. M. and Alghanim, S. A. (2012). Violence exposure among health care
professionals in Saudi public hospitals: a preliminary investigation. Saudi Medical
Journal, vol. 33, pp. 76–82.
[28] Abodunrin, O. L., Adeoye, O. A., Adeomi, A. A., et al. (2014). Prevalence and forms
of violence against health care professionals in a South-Western city, Nigeria. Sky
Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 067–072.
[29] Fernandes, C. M., Bouthillette, F., Raboud, J. M., et al. (1999). Violence in the
emergency department: a survey of health care workers. CMAJ, vol. 161, no. 10,
pp. 1245–1248.
[30] Alameddine, M., Kazzi, A., El-Jardali, F., et al. (2011). Occupational violence at
Lebanese emergency departments: prevalence, characteristics and associated
factors. Journal of Occupational Health, vol. 9, pp. 455–464.
[31] Deeb, M. (2003). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector – Lebanon Country
Case Study. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI Joint Programme on Workplace
Violence in the Health Sector.
[32] AbuAlRub, R. F., Khalifa, M. F., and Habbib, M. B. (2007). Workplace violence among
Iraqi hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 281–288.
[33] El-Gilany, A. H., El-Wehady, A., and Amr, M. (2010). Violence against primary health
care workers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 25,
no. 4, pp. 716–734.
[34] Gillespie, G. L., Gates, D. M., Miller, M., et al. (2010). Workplace violence in healthcare
settings: risk factors and protective strategies. Rehabilitation Nursing, vol. 35, no. 5,
pp. 177–184.
[35] Abdellah, R. and Salama, K. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors of workplace violence
against health care workers in emergency department in Ismailia, Egypt. Pan African
Medical Journal, vol. 26, p. 21.
[36] Imran, N., Jawaid, M., Haider, I. I., et al. (2010). Bullying of junior doctors in Pakistan:
a cross-sectional survey. Singapore Medical Journal, vol. 51, no. 7, p. 592.
[37] Ayranci, U., Yenilmez, C., Balci, Y., et al. (2006). Identification of violence in Turkish
health care settings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 276–296.[38] Landau, S. and Bendalak, Y. (2007). Personnel exposure to violence in hospital
emergency wards: a routine activity approach. Aggressive Behavior, vol. 34, no. 1,
pp. 88–103.
[39] Ahmed, F., Khizar Memon, M., and Memon, S. (2018). Violence against doctors, a
serious concern for healthcare organizations to ponder about. Annals of Medicine
and Surgery, vol. 25, pp. 3–5.
[40] Swain, C. G., and Greenwood, R. (2014). Patient aggression experienced by staff in
a New Zealand public hospital setting. The New Zealand Medical Journal, vol. 127,
no. 1394, pp. 10–18.
[41] Erkol, H., Gökdoğan, M. R., Erkol, Z., et al. (2007). Aggression and violence towards
health care providers–a problem in Turkey? Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine,
vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 423–428.
[42] Ryan, J. A. and Poster, E. C. (1989). The assaulted nurse: short-term and long-term
responses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 323–331.
[43] Adib, S. M., Al-Shatti, A. K., Kamal, S., et al. (2002). Violence against nurses in
healthcare facilities in Kuwait. International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 39, no.
4, pp. 469–478.
Published
2021-08-21
Section
Original Articles
