Causes For the Delay of Ileostomy Closure in Rectal Cancer Surgery
Keywords:
ileostomy, rectal cancer, low anterior resection
Abstract
Rectal cancer represents a challenge for the general surgeon as patients’ quality of life after the management of the neoplasm is starting to become more and more important. Our review is focused on loop ileostomies and the reasons why their closure might be delayed. We have tried to gather these reasons all together from our experience and from the literature in order to understand whether there are any aspects that can be improved. After a thorough search through different scientific databases we managed
to include a total of 29 articles in our research and the information gathered has led to the conclusions of this narrative review. There are many reasons why the closure of an ileostomy might be delayed. While some of them are related to the patient and cannot be controlled or prevented (age, comorbidities), most of the factors that can interfere are preventable (adjuvant therapy, postoperative complications, patient’s wish).
References
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[10] Vaughan-Shaw, P., Gash, K., Adams, K., et al. (2018). Protocol for a multicentre, dualprospective and retrospective cohort study investigating timing of ileostomy closure after anterior resection for rectal cancer: The CLOSurE of Ileostomy Timing (CLOSE- IT) study. BMJ Open, vol. 8, p. 23305.
[11] Haksal, M., Okkabaz, N., Atici, A. E., et al. (2017). Fortune of temporary ileostomies in patients treated with laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, vol. 92, pp. 35–41.
[12] Taylor, C. and Varma, S. (2012). Factors affecting closure of a temporary stoma. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 51–57.
[13] Lindgren, R., Hallböök, O., Rutegård, J., et al. (2011). What is the risk for a permanentstoma after low anterior resection of the rectum for cancer? A six-year follow-up of a multicenter trial. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 41–47.
[14] Zhen, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2017). Effectiveness between early and late temporary ileostomy closure in patients with rectal cancer: A prospective study. Current Problems in Cancer, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 231–240.
[15] Kye, B.-H., Kim, H.-J., Kim, J.-G., et al. (2014). Is it safe the reversal of a diverting stoma during adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly rectal cancer patients? International Journal of Surgery, vol. 12, pp. 1337–1341.
[16] Kłęk, S., Pisarska, M., Milian-ciesielska, K., et al. (2018). Early closure of the protective ileostomy after rectal resection should become part of the EnhancedRecovery After Surgery ( ERAS ) protocol: A randomized , prospective , two-center clinical trial. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 435–441. DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2018.79574
[17] Waterland, P., Goonetilleke, K., Naumann, D. N., et al. (2015). Defunctioning ileostomy reversal rates and reasons for delayed reversal: Does delay impact on complicationsof ileostomy reversal? A study of 170 defunctioning ileostomies. Clinical Medicine & Research,vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 685–689.
[18] Brown, S. R., Khan, B., Green, H. J., et al. (2017). Overall survival associated with ileostomy closure in patients with rectal cancer before and after adjuvant therapy. Ochsner Journal; vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 328–330.
[19] David, G. G., Slavin, J. P., Willmott, S., et al. (2010). Loop ileostomy following anterior resection: Is it really temporary? Colorectal Disease, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 428–432.
[20] Vallribera Valls, F., Villanueva Figueredo, B., Jiménez Gómez, L. M., et al. (2014). Ileostomy closure in a colorectal surgery unit. Comparative Analysis of DifferentTechniques. Cirugía Española, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 182–187.
[21] Kann, B. R. (2008). Early stomal complications. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 23–30.
[22] Patil, V., Vijayakumar, A., and Ajitha, M. B. (2012). Comparison between tube ileostomyand loop ileostomy as a diversion procedure. ISRN Surgery, vol. 2012, Article ID 547523.
[23] Danielsen, A., Park, J., Jansen, J., et al. (2017). Early closure of a temporary ileostomy in patients with rectal cancer. Annals of Surgery, vol. 265, no. 2, pp. 284–290.
[24] Matthiessen, P., Hallböök, O., Rutegård, J., et al. (2007). Defunctioning stoma reduces symptomatic anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection of the rectum for cancer a randomized multicenter trial. Annals of Surgery, vol. 246, no. 2, pp. 207– 214.
[25] Li, W. and Ozuner, G. (2017). Does the timing of loop ileostomy closure affect outcome: A case-matched study. International Journal of Surgery, vol. 43, pp. 52–55.
[26] Lee, K. H., Kim, H. O., Kim, J. S., et al. (2018). Prospective study on the safety andfeasibility of early ileostomy closure 2 weeks after lower anterior resection for rectalcancer. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 41–46.
[27] Luglio, G. (2011). Loop ileostomy reversal after colon and rectal surgery. The Archives of Surgery, vol. 146, no. 10, p. 1191.
[28] Schneider, V., Lee, L. D., Stroux, A., et al. (2016). Risk factors for reoperation after ileostomy reversal - Results from a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Surgery, vol. 36, pp. 233–239.
[29] Rubio-Perez, I., Leon, M., Pastor, D., et al. (2014). Increased postoperativecomplications after protective ileostomy closure delay: An institutional study. WorldJournal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 169–174.
[30] Poskus, E., Kildusis, E., Smolskas, E., et al. (2014). Complicationsafter loop ileostomy closure: a retrospective analysis of 132 patients. Viszeralmedizin,vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 276–280.
[31] Nakamura, T., Sato, T., Naito, M., et al. (2017). Risk factors for complications after diverting ileostomy closure in patients who have undergone rectal cancer surgery. Surgery Today, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1238–1242.
[2] Derakhshani, S., Hoseini, S. V., Asadi, R., et al. (2012). A new technique for pouchmaking to reduce the chance of leakage and low anterior resection syndrome.Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 16–18.
[3] Bolocan, A., Stoian, R.V., Ion, D., et al. (2012). Peculiarities of diagnosis and treatmentin the polyp-cancer sequence. Chirurgia, vol. 107, pp. 231–236.
[4] Pine, J. and Stevenson, L. (2017). Intestinal stomas. Surgery, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 165–170.
[5] Doughty, D. B. and Beginning, I. (2008). History of ostomy surgery. Journal of WoundOstomy & Continence Nursing, vol. 35, no. February, pp. 34–38.
[6] Chow, A., Tilney, H. S., Paraskeva, P., et al. (2009). The morbidity surrounding reversalof defunctioning ileostomies: A systematic review of 48 studies including 6,107 cases.International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 711–723.
[7] Floodeen, H., Lindgren, R., and Matthiessen, P. (2013). When are defunctioningstomas in rectal cancer surgery really reversed? Results from a population-basedsingle center experience. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 246–250.
[8] den Dulk, M., Smit, M., Peeters, K. C., et al. (2007). Articles A multivariate analysis of limiting factors for stoma reversal in patients with rectal cancer entered into the total mesorectal excision (TME) trial: A retrospective study. Lancet Oncology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 297–303.
[9] Sier, M. F., Van Gelder, L., Ubbink, D. T., et al. (2015). Factors affecting timingof closure and non-reversal of temporary ileostomies. International Journal ofColorectal Disease, vol. 30, pp. 1185–1192.
[10] Vaughan-Shaw, P., Gash, K., Adams, K., et al. (2018). Protocol for a multicentre, dualprospective and retrospective cohort study investigating timing of ileostomy closure after anterior resection for rectal cancer: The CLOSurE of Ileostomy Timing (CLOSE- IT) study. BMJ Open, vol. 8, p. 23305.
[11] Haksal, M., Okkabaz, N., Atici, A. E., et al. (2017). Fortune of temporary ileostomies in patients treated with laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, vol. 92, pp. 35–41.
[12] Taylor, C. and Varma, S. (2012). Factors affecting closure of a temporary stoma. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 51–57.
[13] Lindgren, R., Hallböök, O., Rutegård, J., et al. (2011). What is the risk for a permanentstoma after low anterior resection of the rectum for cancer? A six-year follow-up of a multicenter trial. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 41–47.
[14] Zhen, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2017). Effectiveness between early and late temporary ileostomy closure in patients with rectal cancer: A prospective study. Current Problems in Cancer, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 231–240.
[15] Kye, B.-H., Kim, H.-J., Kim, J.-G., et al. (2014). Is it safe the reversal of a diverting stoma during adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly rectal cancer patients? International Journal of Surgery, vol. 12, pp. 1337–1341.
[16] Kłęk, S., Pisarska, M., Milian-ciesielska, K., et al. (2018). Early closure of the protective ileostomy after rectal resection should become part of the EnhancedRecovery After Surgery ( ERAS ) protocol: A randomized , prospective , two-center clinical trial. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 435–441. DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2018.79574
[17] Waterland, P., Goonetilleke, K., Naumann, D. N., et al. (2015). Defunctioning ileostomy reversal rates and reasons for delayed reversal: Does delay impact on complicationsof ileostomy reversal? A study of 170 defunctioning ileostomies. Clinical Medicine & Research,vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 685–689.
[18] Brown, S. R., Khan, B., Green, H. J., et al. (2017). Overall survival associated with ileostomy closure in patients with rectal cancer before and after adjuvant therapy. Ochsner Journal; vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 328–330.
[19] David, G. G., Slavin, J. P., Willmott, S., et al. (2010). Loop ileostomy following anterior resection: Is it really temporary? Colorectal Disease, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 428–432.
[20] Vallribera Valls, F., Villanueva Figueredo, B., Jiménez Gómez, L. M., et al. (2014). Ileostomy closure in a colorectal surgery unit. Comparative Analysis of DifferentTechniques. Cirugía Española, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 182–187.
[21] Kann, B. R. (2008). Early stomal complications. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 23–30.
[22] Patil, V., Vijayakumar, A., and Ajitha, M. B. (2012). Comparison between tube ileostomyand loop ileostomy as a diversion procedure. ISRN Surgery, vol. 2012, Article ID 547523.
[23] Danielsen, A., Park, J., Jansen, J., et al. (2017). Early closure of a temporary ileostomy in patients with rectal cancer. Annals of Surgery, vol. 265, no. 2, pp. 284–290.
[24] Matthiessen, P., Hallböök, O., Rutegård, J., et al. (2007). Defunctioning stoma reduces symptomatic anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection of the rectum for cancer a randomized multicenter trial. Annals of Surgery, vol. 246, no. 2, pp. 207– 214.
[25] Li, W. and Ozuner, G. (2017). Does the timing of loop ileostomy closure affect outcome: A case-matched study. International Journal of Surgery, vol. 43, pp. 52–55.
[26] Lee, K. H., Kim, H. O., Kim, J. S., et al. (2018). Prospective study on the safety andfeasibility of early ileostomy closure 2 weeks after lower anterior resection for rectalcancer. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 41–46.
[27] Luglio, G. (2011). Loop ileostomy reversal after colon and rectal surgery. The Archives of Surgery, vol. 146, no. 10, p. 1191.
[28] Schneider, V., Lee, L. D., Stroux, A., et al. (2016). Risk factors for reoperation after ileostomy reversal - Results from a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Surgery, vol. 36, pp. 233–239.
[29] Rubio-Perez, I., Leon, M., Pastor, D., et al. (2014). Increased postoperativecomplications after protective ileostomy closure delay: An institutional study. WorldJournal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 169–174.
[30] Poskus, E., Kildusis, E., Smolskas, E., et al. (2014). Complicationsafter loop ileostomy closure: a retrospective analysis of 132 patients. Viszeralmedizin,vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 276–280.
[31] Nakamura, T., Sato, T., Naito, M., et al. (2017). Risk factors for complications after diverting ileostomy closure in patients who have undergone rectal cancer surgery. Surgery Today, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1238–1242.
