Prevalence and risk factors of depression among adult Type 2 diabetic patients at Al-Jemaih Diabetic Center, Dongola, Northern State, Sudan, 2019
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, depression, Dongola, Northern State
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes and depression are common diseases with bidirectional associations. Depression in diabetics leads to poor adherence to diet and medication, poor glycemic control, reduced quality of life, and increased diabetes-related healthcare expenditure. This study aimed at evaluating diabetic patients with depression to improve the quality of care delivered.
Materials and Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult type 2 diabetics at Al-Jemaih Diabetic Center, Dongola, in July– December 2019A standardized pretested questionnaire was used to collect data, and the depression subscale of the Patient Health Questionnaire was used to diagnose depression. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0.
Results: Out of the 407 participants, 282 (69.3%) were females, and more than half were aged between 40 and 59 years. The prevalence of depression among type 2 diabetic patients was 35.6%, ranging from mild (24.3%) to moderate (7.4%), moderately severe (2.2%), and severe depression (1.7%). The risk factors associated with depression in type 2 diabetes were: combining antidiabetic therapy, long duration of diabetes, family history of psychiatric illness, diabetes-related complications, poor glycemic control, and lack of regular exercise.
Conclusion: More than a third of type 2 diabetics have depression. Screening diabetic patients for depression, establishing a psychiatric unit at the diabetic center, and community-based studies are recommended.diabetes mellitus
References
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[5] Eltom, M. A., Mohamed, A. H., Elrayah-Eliadarous, H., et al. (2018). Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impact of ethnicity in north Sudan. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 136, pp. 93–99. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.034
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[8] Thour, A., Das, S., Sehrawat, T., et al. (2015). Depression among patients with diabetes mellitus in North India evaluated using patient health questionnaire-9. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 252–255. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.149318
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[10] Reddy, P., Philpot, B., Ford, D., et al. (2010). Identification of depression in diabetes: the efficacy of PHQ-9 and HADS-D. British Journal of General Practice, vol. 60, no. 575, pp. e239–e245. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp10X502128
[11] van Steenbergen-Weijenburg, K. M., de Vroege, L., Ploeger, R. R., et al. (2010). Validation of the PHQ-9 as a screening instrument for depression in diabetes patients in specialized outpatient clinics. BMC Health Services Research, vol. 10, p. 235. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-235
[12] Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., and Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 606–613. Retrieved from https: //doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
[13] Mirghani, H. O., Mohammed, O. S., and Saadallah, A. M. (2014). Prevalence of depression among Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 151–155. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sjms/article/view/114285
[14] Udedi, M., Muula, A. S., Stewart, R. C., et al. (2019). The validity of the patient health Questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in non-communicable diseases clinics in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry, vol. 19, p. 81. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2062-2
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of glycemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at family medicine clinic, Suez Canal University Hospital Egypt. World Family Medicine, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 4–13. Retrieved from https://pdfs. semanticscholar.org/4173/a0e90cd797877e0205929048e919593c7d2d.pdf
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[18] Thour, A., Das, S., Sehrawat, T., et al. (2015). Depression among patients with diabetes mellitus in North India evaluated using patient health questionnaire-9. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 252–255. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.4103{%}2F2230-8210.149318
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[22] Darwish, L., Beroncal, E., Sison, M. V., et al. (2018). Depression in people with type 2 diabetes: current perspectives. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, vol. 11, pp. 333–343. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2147{%}2FDMSO.S106797
[23] Azeze, G. A., Adema, B. G., Adella, G. A., et al. (2020). Factors associated with untreated depression among type 2 diabetic patients at Halaba Kulito Hospital, South Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, vol. 13, pp. 2189–2198. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2147{%}2FDMSO.S255360
[24] Arambwela, M. H., Somasundaram, N. P., Jayasekara, H. B. P. R., et al. (2019). Prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes attending the diabetic clinic at the tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka: a descriptive study. Psychiatry Journal, article ID 7468363. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7468363
[25] Lloyed, C. E., Nouwen, A., Sartorious, N., et al. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of depressive disorders in people with Type 2 diabetes: results from the International Prevalence and Treatment of Diabetes and Depression (INTERPRET ‐DD ) study, a collaborative study carried out in 14 countries. Diabetes Medicine. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13611
[26] Andreoulakis, E., Hyphantis, T., Kandylis, D., et al. (2012). Depression in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review. Hippokratia, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 205–214.
[27] World Health Organization. (2017). Addressing comorbidity between mental disorders and major noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/ addressing-comorbidity-between-mental-disorders-and-major-noncommunicable-diseases-2017 (accessed on August 07, 2020).
[28] Andreoulakis, E., Hyphantis, T., Kandylis, D., et al. (2012). Depression in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review. Hippokratia, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 205–214. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738724/pdf/hippokratia-16-205.pdf .
